MEEC-2007年托福考試全真試題測試

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Critical Thinking ReadingComprehension Time:55minutes(includingthereadingofthedirections).Nowsetyourclockfor55minutes. Question1——10 ThewordlaserwascoinedasanacronymforLightAmplificationbytheStimulated EmissionofRadiation.Ordinarylight,fromtheSunoralightbulb,isemitted spontaneously,whenatomsormoleculesgetridofexcessenergybythemselves,without anyoutsideintervention.Stimulatedemissionisdifferentbecauseitoccurswhenan atomormoleculeholdingontoexcessenergyhasbeenstimulatedtoemititaslight. AlbertEinsteinwasthefirsttosuggesttheexistenceofstimulatedemissionina paperpublishedin1917.However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthatatomsand moleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulated emissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.ItwasnotuntilaftertheSecondWorld Warthatphysicistsbegantryingtomakestimulatedemissiondominate.Theysought waysbywhichoneatomormoleculecouldstimulatemanyothertoemitlight, amplifyingittomuchhigherpowers. ThefirsttosucceedwasCharlesH.Townes,thenatColombiaUniversityinNew York.Insteadofworkingwithlight,however,heworkedwithmicrowaves,whichhave amuchlongerwavelength,andbuiltadevicehecalleda"maser"forMicrowave AmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Althoughhethoughtofthe keyideain1951,thefirstmaserwasnotcompleteduntilacoupleofyearslater.Before long,manyotherphysicistswerebuildingmasersandtryingtodiscoverhowtoproduce stimulatedemissionatevenshorterwavelength. Thekeyconceptsemergedabout1957.TownesandArthurSchawlow,thenatBell TelephoneLaboratories,wrotealongpaperoutliningtheconditionsneededtoamplify stimulatedemissionofvisiblelightwaves.Ataboutthesametime,similarideas crystallizedinthemindofGordonGould,thena37-year-oldgraduatestudentat Columbia,whowrotethemdowninaseriesofnotebooks.TownesandSchawlow publishedtheirideasinascientificjournal,PhysicalReviewLetter,butGouldfileda patentapplication.Threedecadeslater,peoplestillargueaboutwhodeservesthecredit fortheconceptofthelaser. 1.Theword"coin"inline1couldbereplacedby (A)created (B)mentioned (C)understood (D)discovered 2.Theword"intervention"inline4canbestbereplacedby (A)need (B)device (C)influence (D)source 3.Theword"it"inline5refersto (A)lightbulb (B)energy (C)molecule (D)atom 4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesalaser? (A)Adeviceforstimulatingatomsandmoleculestoemitlight (B)Anatominahigh-energystate (C)Atechniquefordestroyingatomsormolecules (D)Aninstrumentformeasuringlightwaves 5.WhywasTowne’searlyworkwithstimulatedemissiondonewithmicrowaves? (A)Hewasnotconcernedwithlightamplification (B)Itwaseasiertoworkwithlongerwavelengths. (C)HispartnerSchawlowhadalreadybegunworkonthelaser. (D)Thelaserhadalreadybeendeveloped 6.InhisresearchatColumbiaUniversity,CharlesTownesworkedwithallofthefollowingEXCEPT (A)stimulatedemission (B)microwaves (C)lightamplification (D)amaser 7.Inapproximatelywhatyearwasthefirstmaserbuilt? (A)1917 (B)1951 (C)1953 (D)1957 8.Theword"emerged"inline20isclosestinmeaningto (A)increased (B)concluded (C)succeeded (D)appeared 9.Theword"outlining"inline21isclosestinmeaningto (A)assigning (B)studying (C)checking (D)summarizing 10.Whydopeoplestillargueaboutwhodeservesthecreditfortheconceptofthelaser? (A)Theresearchers’notebookswerelost. (B)Severalpeopleweredevelopingtheideaatthesametime. (C)Nooneclaimedcreditforthedevelopmentuntilrecently. (D)Theworkisstillincomplete. Question11——21 Panelpainting,commoninthirteenth-andfourteenth-centuryEurope,involveda painstaking,laboriousprocess.Woodenplankswerejoined,coveredwithgessoto preparethesurfaceforpainting,andthenpolishedsmoothwithspecialtools.Onthis perfectsurface,theartistwouldsketchacompositionwithchalk,refineitwithinks, andthenbeginthedeliberateprocessofapplyingthinlayersofeggtemperapaint(egg yolkinwhichpigmentsaresuspended)withsmallbrushes.Thesuccessivelayeringof thesemeticulouslyappliedpaintsproducedthefinal,translucentcolors. Backgroundsofgoldweremadebycarefullyapplyingsheetsofgoldleaf,andthen embellishingofdecoratingthegoldleafbypunching itwithametalrodonwhicha patternhadbeenembossed.Everystepintheprocesswasslowanddeliberate.The quick-dryingtemperademandedthattheartistknowexactlywhereeachstrokebe placedbeforethebrushmetthepanel,anditrequiredtheuseoffinebrushes.Itwas, therefore,anidealtechniqueforemphasizingthehardlinearedgesandpure,fineareas ofcolorthatweresomuchapartoftheoverallaestheticofthetime.Thenotionthatan artistcouldorwoulddashoffanideainafitofspontaneousinspirationwas completelyalientothesedeliberatelyproducedworks. Furthermore,makingthesepaintingswassotime-consumingthatitdemanded assistance.Allsuchworkwasdonebycollectiveenterpriseintheworkshops.The painterormasterwhoiscreditedwithhavingcreatedpaintingmayhavedesigned theworkandoverseenitsproduction,butitishighlyunlikelythattheartist’shand appliedeverystrokeofthebrush.Morelikely,numerousassistants,whohadbeen trainedtoimitatetheartist’sstyle,appliedthepaint.Thecarpenter’sshopprobably providedtheframeandperhapssuppliedthepanel,andyetanothershopsuppliedthe gold.Thus,notonlymanyhands,butalsomanyshopswereinvolvedinthefinal product. Inspiteofproblemswiththeircondition,restoration,andpreservationmanypanel paintingshavesurvived,andtodaymanyofthemarehousedinmuseumcollections Creative Thinking